Underground hydrogen storage: a review

Abstract Large-scale underground storage of hydrogen gas is expected to play a key role in the energy transition and near future renewable systems. Despite this potential, experience remains limited. This work critically reviews most important elements crucial technology, including properties their significance for subsurface operations, sources historical set state art. The cyclical nature operations will produce pressure stress changes within reservoir that could affect integrity well, reservoir, caprock entire complex. To minimize geomechanical leakage risks optimize operation it understand history site, well locations manage identify reservoir-specific cushion working ratio. Finally, we outline major scientific operational challenges required ensure safe efficient deployment at large scale.